Infection Control
What is infection control?
A gynecological infection screening is a series of tests designed to detect microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites) that may cause an infection in a woman’s reproductive system. It is an integral part of the annual preventive checkup and is particularly important because many infections do not cause obvious symptoms and can only be detected through laboratory testing.
Early diagnosis and treatment of an infection are crucial, not only for a woman’s health but also for preserving her fertility.
Certain infections that persist for a long time can cause complications in the reproductive system, affect pregnancy, or be transmitted to a partner.
Common vaginal infections
Vaginal infections are among the most common gynecological conditions and can be caused by various microorganisms. The most common are:
Vaginal yeast infection (Candida)
It is caused by the fungus Candida albicans and is the most common vaginal infection. It is characterized by intense itching, burning, and white discharge.
It often occurs after taking antibiotics, during periods of intense stress, or in women with diabetes.
Bacterial vaginosis
It results from a disturbance in the normal vaginal flora and an overgrowth of bacteria such as Gardnerella.
It is often accompanied by discharge with a characteristic odor, though in many cases it may be completely asymptomatic.
Trichomoniasis
This is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It causes yellow or greenish discharge, itching, and discomfort during urination. It requires simultaneous treatment of the partner as well.
Chlamydia
It is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections and, in most cases, is completely asymptomatic.
If left untreated, it can cause inflammation of the fallopian tubes and seriously affect fertility.
Genital herpes
It is caused by the HSV-2 virus (more rarely HSV-1) and is characterized by painful blisters or sores in the genital area. It is a chronic infection with periods of remission and recurrence.
Urinary tract infections and recurrent urinary tract infections
Urinary tract infections are usually caused by bacteria that enter the bladder through the urethra and may present with a burning sensation during urination, frequent urination, a strong urge to urinate, or pain in the lower abdomen. They often coexist with gynecological infections or present with similar symptoms.
Recurrent urinary tract infections—that is, repeated infections within a short period of time—require special attention. Frequent recurrences may be related to anatomical, hormonal, or microbiological factors and often significantly impact a woman’s daily life and quality of life. In these cases, more specialized evaluation is required to identify the cause and select the appropriate therapeutic and preventive management.
Symptoms that require medical attention
There are symptoms that should not be ignored and require immediate attention. Contact your gynecologist if you notice:
- unusual vaginal discharge in terms of its amount, color, or odor
- itching or burning in the vaginal area
- pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse
a burning sensation when urinating - pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic area, as well as redness
- swelling or blisters in the external genital area
However, many of the most common infections are completely asymptomatic. The absence of symptoms, however, does not rule out infection.
Even without symptoms, regular screening is strongly recommended for women with a new or multiple sexual partners, for women planning a pregnancy, and for those with a history of recurrent infections.
How is the inspection conducted?
The screening for infections is a simple and painless procedure performed as part of a gynecological exam. The doctor takes samples from the vaginal and cervical areas using special swabs, which are then sent to a specialized laboratory for analysis.
Vaginal smear
This is the basic test for detecting bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The sample is taken from the vaginal walls and examined under a microscope in the laboratory.
Vaginal secretion culture
This allows for the precise identification of the microorganism causing the infection and the determination of the appropriate antibiotic treatment through an antibiogram.
PCR molecular testing
This is the most sensitive method for detecting infections such as chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, and HPV. It detects the microorganism’s genetic material even in very small quantities, offering high diagnostic accuracy.
Blood tests
For certain sexually transmitted infections such as herpes, syphilis, or HIV, testing is performed through a blood test.
Infections and Pregnancy
Infection control is particularly important during pregnancy, as certain infections that may be mild or asymptomatic in a non-pregnant woman can have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus during pregnancy.
Certain infections, such as chlamydia, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis, have been linked to an increased risk of preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, and low birth weight. Furthermore, certain infections can be transmitted to the newborn during delivery, causing serious health complications.
Screening for infections is ideally recommended before the start of pregnancy, as part of prenatal care. If prenatal screening has not been performed, it is conducted during the first visit to the gynecologist after pregnancy is confirmed.
If symptoms appear during pregnancy, testing is performed immediately, regardless of the stage of pregnancy.
Important: Treatment for most infections during pregnancy is safe and effective. The greatest risk is not treating them—not the treatment itself.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Yes, and that is precisely the most insidious aspect of certain infections. Infections such as chlamydia are in most cases completely asymptomatic; however, if left untreated for a long time, they can cause inflammation of the fallopian tubes and seriously affect fertility. Regular preventive screening is the only way to detect them early.
It depends on the type of infection. Sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and herpes are transmitted to a partner and require simultaneous treatment for both individuals. Other infections, such as yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis, are not considered sexually transmitted; however, in some cases, the partner may also be affected. Your gynecologist will guide you based on the diagnosis.
Recurrent infections are a common problem and can be caused by various factors, such as an imbalance in the normal vaginal flora, failure to complete treatment, reinfection from a partner, or underlying conditions such as diabetes. If you are experiencing recurrent infections, it is important to discuss this with your gynecologist so that the cause can be investigated and effectively treated.
If left untreated, chlamydia can spread to the upper genital tract and cause pelvic inflammatory disease, which in turn can lead to chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, or permanent damage to the fallopian tubes, resulting in difficulty conceiving. Prompt treatment with antibiotics is simple and effective.
Routine screening for infections is recommended at least once a year as part of the annual gynecological exam. For women with new or multiple sexual partners, a history of recurrent infections, or who are planning a pregnancy, screening may be recommended at more frequent intervals.
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